Abulafia User's Guide (version 1.5)

Anthony W. Hursh

Contraterrene Press

Anchorage, Alaska

Abulafia User's Guide (version 1.5) is © 2013 by Contraterrene eLearning Group, LLC. This book was itself written and formatted using Abulafia. Apple, Mac, OS X, and iBooks are trademarks of Apple Inc. Kindle is a trademark of Amazon.com, Inc. Nook is a trademark of Barnes & Noble, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

This book is set in Gentium Book Basic by Victor Gaultney and Overlock by Dario Manuel Muhafara. Both of these fonts are available under the terms of the SIL Open Font License.

 Cover image: the Venerable Bede, from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to all the Abulafia users who have provided useful feedback, in particular Harry Kachline, Dave Melone, and Paolo Carnovalini.

Introduction

Abulafia eBook Creator is a free and easy-to-use ebook creation tool for the Mac. It can generate ebooks that are compatible with Kindle, iBooks, Nook, and many other readers.

Abulafia uses standard, non-proprietary HTML format for its working files (book chapters, etc.), and includes a built-in WYSIWYG editor for editing them. You can also write your book using your favorite text editor, then copy and paste the text into Abulafia for formatting and conversion to ebook format.

Installation

You can get the current version of Abulafia at: 

http//abulafia.contraterrene.com.

Download the installation file and double-click on it. Next, drag the Abulafia app to the applications folder. That's it. You're all set!

Setup

No special setup is necessary. The first time you run Abulafia, it will create an Abulafia folder inside the Library folder in your home directory (note that this folder is hidden by default). All of Abulafia's working files will be placed in this folder. If you want to create Kindle format files, you will also need to install Kindlegen, a free program from Amazon. See Compiling Your Book for details.

Book List Screen

Creating a new book is simple. When you start Abulafia, you'll see the Book List screen. 

This will display a list of all the books you've created (of course, there won't be any the first time). If you want to edit an existing book, just click on it. If you want to create a new book,  enter a title and click the Create a New Book button.

Book Editing Screen

Next, you'll see the editing screen for the book as a whole.

There are five main areas on this screen.

The Book Editing Toolbar

The most immediately useful items here are the New Chapter button and the Book List button.

The New Chapter button creates a new chapter and opens it in the editor (see the next chapter, Writing Your Book).

The Book List button takes you back to the home screen for Abulafia (the screen with the list of all the books you've created).

Book LIst Button

The other buttons on this toolbar are used after your book is complete. See the Compiling Your Book chapter for more information.

The Cover Preview Pane

This pane shows a preview of your book's cover. If you haven't set a cover image, Abulafia will create a generic text-based cover. However, it is strongly recommended that you create a cover image for your book. Kindle format requires a cover image, and the book will look much nicer on other readers if it has a cover image. Amazon recommends a size of 2500 pixels high by 1536 pixels wide. Other stores may have different requirements, but 1536wx2500h should be large enough to suit most. It's always better to start with a large image and reduce it if necessary rather than attempting to increase the size of a smaller image. 

For Kindle, the image must be in either JPEG or PNG format, and all other common ebook readers support these two formats as well. A few readers support other formats  (e.g., TIFF, SVG) but for cross-platform compatibility I recommend sticking with JPEG or PNG. You can create your cover image using any graphics or photo editor of your choice. GIMP is a good free image editor available for most platforms. You can also use Photoshop or similar software. Save your cover image as JPEG or PNG, then drag the image from its folder on your computer into the cover preview pane. 

The Chapters/Sections List

This area lists all the chapters and/or sections in the book. A new book will have only one chapter (the title page). Use the New Chapter button (above) to create more.

Chapter List

Editing Your Chapters

Clicking on any item in the list will open that item in the editor (see the next chapter, Writing Your Book).

Reorganizing Your Chapters

Other than the front matter and back matter pages (the "special pages" described below), chapters can be reordered by simply clicking on the chapter and dragging it to its new position.

Deleting Chapters

Clicking the trash can icon to the right of any item in the list will delete that item.

Deleting Chapters

The Book Information Section

This area lets you enter information about the book ("metadata", in ebook jargon). You can change the title and the author's name here.

Change me!

There's also an Extended Metadata screen (accessible via the More Settings button) that lets you alter items that are less commonly used.

Advanced Settings

The Extended Metadata screen has the same fields as the Book Information section, and also allows you to enter additional information (metadata) about your book. You can also set the fonts for your book here.

Abulafia comes with a number of freely-distributable fonts, or you can use your own custom fonts. If you're going to use a non-default font (even if it's one of the fonts that's included with Abulafia), please read the section on fonts in the Advanced Topics chapter first, or you may wind up with puzzling results.

Abulafia automatically generates a new ID the first time you visit this screen, but if you have another ID for your book (for example, an ISBN) you can enter it here. You can also generate a new ID manually (this is useful if you're producing a new edition of your book and want to distinguish it from the old one). Every ebook released to the public must have a unique ID of some sort.

The language code defaults to "en" (English) but if your book is in another language you can enter the two- or three-character code for it here, e.g., "fr" for French or "de" for German. Google for "ISO Language Codes" to find others (there are hundreds). Abulafia has only been thoroughly tested with English at present, but the intent is to support all languages. Please report any successes or difficulties. :-)

Publisher, Subject, Description, Date, and Rights are all optional. The Date field will be set automatically when a new book is created, and the Rights field defaults to "All Rights Reserved" (you could specify public domain or a Creative Commons license here if you wish).

The Special Pages Section

This area lets you create special pages for your book -- the sections that are commonly known as "front matter" and "back matter". The title page and table of contents are generated automatically, but you can choose which (if any) of the other special pages you want. Note that these sections are just like any other chapter in most respects, and can be edited the same way (including changing their names). The thing that makes them special is that they appear before or after the main text of the book, and remain in that position regardless of how you add or reorganize the regular book chapters. Some readers may also give special treatment to these pages.

Special Pages

The sort order is:

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents This is generated automatically; you don't need to create or edit it unless you want to call it something other than "Table of Contents" (e.g., for a language other than English)

Foreword

Preface

Regular chapters for your book in the order you've set

Glossary

Notes You can enter freeform notes on this page. In addition, if you've created any notes within the main text, they will be appended to this page automatically.

You can change the title and content for these pages in the normal way (just click on the item to open the editor), but the sort order is fixed. You can't (e.g.) move the title page to the end of the book (you could, however, delete the generated title page, create a regular chapter with the title "Title Page", and move that to the end of the book).

Writing the Book

After you've set up a new book and created at least one chapter or section, the hard work begins: actually writing the thing. :-) Abulafia includes a basic HTML editor that should be adequate for standard text. 

This section focuses on the internal editor, but you might also want to write your book using a word processor or text editor program such as Apple's Pages or TextWrangler by Bare Bones Software, and just use Abulafia for formatting and compiling the ebook. This might be useful if you're also planning to produce a print version of your book, if you need to convert text from another program into ebook form, or if you simply want to use a more powerful tool for the actual writing (Abulafia's editor is rather basic, and is intended more for markup and formatting than heavy-duty writing per se). You should be able to copy and paste (or drag and drop) the text from your word processor into Abulafia, but be aware that Microsoft Word, in particular, produces incredibly bad non-standard HTML. Abulafia will make its best effort at cleaning up the bad code from Microsoft Word, but for the most reliable results you should probably save your Word document as a plain text document, then open it in a text editor (such as Apple's TextEdit app, which is free and included with every copy of OS X, or TextWrangler, a free program from Bare Bones Software) and copy and paste from there. You can then format your headings, bold and italic text, and so on within Abulafia. In general you should avoid using excessive formatting in external editors -- the formatting in most word processors is designed for printed documents, and may not work well in an ebook, assuming it even transfers at all.

A third option is to configure Abulafia to use an external HTML editor, such as Adobe Dreamweaver or BlueGriffon. See the Advanced Topics section for information.

Clicking on a chapter in the chapter list (see previous chapter, Creating a New Book) will open a full-screen editor. Most of the controls should be familiar to you from word processors or HTML editors you may have used in the past, but a few of them can benefit from further discussion. For the others, simply hover your mouse over the button for a brief explanation of what it does.

The Chapters Button

This button will return you to the chapter list screen.

Chapters Toolbar Button

The Books Button

This button will return you to the home screen (the one with the list of all your books)

Formatting Text

To format text with a particular style (e.g., bold or italic), just select the text with your mouse and click the appropriate button. Note that underline and strikethrough are not strictly allowed by the EPUB spec, and using these styles may cause your document to not validate in the ePub checker. In practice, though, these styles are supported by all the major ereader vendors. Bold and italic styles are changed to strong and emphasized styles behind the scenes (both supported in ePub, so they're not a problem) and superscript and subscript are directly supported by the standard.

Manual HTML Formatting

If you know HTML, you can switch to code view and enter HTML directly. 

By default, Abulafia will strip CSS classes, JavaScript, object tags, etc. from the HTML when the file is saved. This is to prevent breakage and general code ugliness when (e.g.) material is copied and pasted from a web browser or other source. Such material will often come in with code that is meaningless in the context of your book.

When your file is saved or the book is compiled, all your HTML files will be run through Tidy, a tool from the W3 Consortium, which will attempt to repair any broken HTML that may be present.

If you don't want these things to happen, you can override them in Abulafia's preferences (Abulafia/Preferences in the top menu bar). See the Advanced Topics chapter for more information.

Inserting Images

To insert an image, first click in the text at the point where you want to insert the image, then drag the image from your desktop or another location on your computer into the editor window. Don't drag an image directly from a web page; that will tell the ebook reader to load the image from its original location on the web. While that may appear to work on your desktop (which probably has an Internet connection), it will fail on any ebook reader that doesn't have Internet access. It will also cause the image to load more slowly. If you need to use a web image, drag it to your desktop first, then drag it from there into Abulafia. Of course, you must not use images from the web or elsewhere without checking the copyright status and acquiring any necessary permissions.

A dialog will then appear that allows you to set the image properties. 

You must enter a description (an "alt tag", in HTML jargon) in order to produce a valid ePub file. This description is used to assist those who may have visual impairments, and will also aid those who are using text-to-speech software for other reasons. You can specify image dimensions with an absolute number of pixels, or as a percentage of screen size. However, note that some ebook readers do not support image dimensions in percentages. In particular, some of the eInk Kindle models have this shortcoming (the Kindle Fire does support percentages). You can also specify that the image dimensions should remain proportional. If the Proportional checkbox is selected, changing one image dimension will set the other automatically.

It's possible to configure Abulafia to launch your preferred image editor for tweaking the inserted images. See the Advanced Topics section for details.

Inserting Notes

Abulafia can format bidirectionally-linked end notes automatically. To make use of this feature you must make sure that your book has a Notes page (create this under Special Pages). Once the notes page exists, you can add notes to any chapter by simply nesting the note text in three sets of square brackets. This sentence has an example¹ note.  The brackets and note text will be replaced with a numbered note link in the compiled book, and the text of the note will be transferred to the Notes page. There will also be a backlink from the Notes page to the position of the note in the text.

How the note appears when you're writing the book

How the note link appears in the compiled book 

How the actual end note appears (note up-arrow backlink for returning to the main text; the back button on the Kindle also works)

Compiling Your Book

The compilation step takes your book and packages it up for distribution. There are two common ebook formats: EPUB (used by Apple's iBooks, the Barnes & Noble Nook, and many other readers) and MOBI/AZW (used by the Amazon Kindle). Abulafia can generate EPUB files on its own, but creating MOBI files requires that you install Kindlegen, a free tool from Amazon. See the Installing Kindlegen section below.

To compile the book, simply click the Compile Book button on the main screen for the book.

Abulafia will generate the EPUB and (if Kindlegen is installed) MOBI files and place them in the book's folder inside the Abulafia library folder. After the compilation process completes, you can click the Compilation Status button if you want to see the gory details of the compilation process. This is not necessary if the book compiles cleanly, but if any errors or warnings occur, the compilation status may help you determine what went wrong (for example, Kindlegen will complain if you have any chapters or sections that are completely empty, if you haven't set a cover image, or if the image you've chosen is too small). 

After compiling your book, the folder containing all of the book information (including the generated ebooks) will open in the Finder. 

If you want to reopen the folder at a later time without compiling the book again you can click the Show in Finder button.

Installing Kindlegen

This is a one-time process, and is only required if you want to generate Kindle output. On the main screen for the book, click the Install Kindlegen button.

On the installation screen, click the Launch Browser for Download button. 

This will launch the Amazon download page in your web browser. Read and agree to the license terms, download the Mac version of Kindlegen, then follow the instructions to install the tool to your Applications folder.  If you need further help, the Video Instructions button should launch an instructional video in your browser.

Finally, click the Return to Your Book List button to exit the install screen.

If problems occur, you can try installing Kindlegen manually. Unpack the downloaded zip file, find the kindlegen file, and copy it to your Applications folder. The other files in the zip are not necessary for routine operation, and can be discarded if you wish. Note that there is a video tutorial on the Abulafia web site which details this process.

Previewing and Testing Your Book on the Desktop

The best test, of course, is to preview your book on the actual ereader. This may be impractical for books that you're releasing to the public -- there are just too many devices out there. However, you can get a reasonable idea of how your book will look by using desktop reader software.

EPUB

For some mystifying reason, Apple has not released iBooks for the desktop. There are several third-party epub readers for the Mac, none of which are entirely satisfactory in my opinion. Pragmatism would suggest the Barnes & Noble Nook desktop app, particularly if you think you might want to share your ebook with those who own B&N readers (or sell it through Barnes & Noble).

MOBI

To preview your book in Kindle format, you can use Amazon's Kindle desktop app. You may also want to try the Kindle Previewer application (available on the same page as the Kindlegen tool). The advantage of the Kindle Previewer is that it can simulate several different Kindle models. That will help insure that your book looks good and works correctly no matter what Kindle model your reader might have.

Using Your Books on Your Own Device

iBooks on iPad/iPhone

Find the EPUB file inside the book's folder (click the Show in Finder button if you've closed it).

Drag the EPUB file to the iTunes icon in your dock, or (if iTunes is open) drag it to the Library section of the iTunes display.

Sync your iPhone or iPad to transfer the book to the device.

You may find that iBooks is stubborn when it comes to transferring an updated version of your book. If that's the case, try this procedure:

Delete the book from the device.

Delete the book from the iTunes library.

Generate a new ID for the book (under More Settings).

Compile the book.

Install as described above.

Kindle

Find the MOBI file inside the book's folder (click the Show in Finder button if you've closed it).

Connect your Kindle to your computer, then drag the MOBI file to the Books or Documents folder on your Kindle.

Alternatively, you can use Send to Kindle, a free app from Amazon. Send to Kindle lets you transfer files to any of your Kindle devices without physically connecting them to your computer. You can get it here: 

http://www.amazon.com/gp/sendtokindle

Sharing Your Books With Others

You can share your book with other people via any normal file distribution mechanism. You can send it as an email attachment, transfer it on a USB Flash drive, place it on a web site for download, burn it to a CD, put it on Bittorrent…

Selling Your Book

There are many options for publishing and selling your book. Among them are:

Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing program

Apple's iBookstore

The Barnes & Noble Pubit! program

Kobo Writing Life

Third-party distributors

Your own ecommerce system

All of these have their advantages and disadvantages. Apple exercises tighter control over content, and requires that you purchase an ISBN if you're going to offer your book for sale (an ISBN isn't required if you're going to give the book away for free). Third-party distributors reduce the work involved in offering your book for sale in multiple channels, but will charge a fee and/or a percentage of the sales price. Setting up your own ecommerce system may be daunting unless you're technically sophisticated.

It may be (and in fact will likely be) that your best bet is a combination of more than one of these options. For instance, you might want to have your book in both the iBookstore and Amazon's Kindle store, or you might want it in the Apple and Amazon stores and also offer it for sale through your own ecommerce system (this may be an attractive option if you already have an ecommerce system, particularly if you're selling the book in conjunction with another product).

Advanced Topics

Preferences

Abulafia/Preferences will open the preferences panel.

Preferences Settings

External Editors

Abulafia allows you to set an external HTML editor. Just click the appropriate checkbox, then use the Choose HTML Editor button to browse for the app you want to use.  The external HTML editor can be either a plain text editor (if you know HTML) or a dedicated WYSIWYG HTML editor. Do not use a word processor  (such as Microsoft Word or Apple's Pages). Copying and pasting from a word processor into Abulafia's own editor is usually okay (exception: Microsoft Word), but directly editing the HTML file with a word processor is not. It will break your code, assuming it even works at all. 

This feature has been tested with:

Adobe Dreamweaver

TextMate

HyperEdit

Taco

Text Wrangler

Sublime Text 2

Blue Griffon

The feature depends on the external application understanding the standard Mac way of launching files (most of them do, but there are exceptions -- please report problems in the Abulafia Support Group).

Please note that general-purpose HTML editors such as Adobe Dreamweaver will allow you to do many things that aren't supported in ebooks -- use caution (on the other hand, if you even have a favorite HTML editor you probably know exactly what you're doing :-)).  

If you're using Abulafia's internal editor, you can specify an external image editor in much the same manner. Click the box, then browse for the image editing app you want to use. You'll then be able to launch the image editor from the image properties dialog.  Note that this won't work if you've specified an external HTML editor, since Abulafia has no way of launching an image editor from within an external program.

The Create unique file name checkbox causes Abulafia to generate its own file names for the images you insert. In conjunction with the external image editor, this can streamline things when you're inserting numerous images that vary to a slight degree. You can just drag in the "master" image repeatedly, then make the necessary edits to each copy (many of the screenshots in this book were produced in just this manner -- drag in the basic screen shot multiple times, then edit each copy to include the arrows and whatnot).

The next checkbox controls whether Abulafia will strip out any CSS class references when the file is saved. This can be useful if (e.g.) you're copying and pasting material from other sources, since the material may come in with CSS classes that don't exist in your book. Unless you're defining your own CSS classes (see below), it's recommended that you leave this set to on. 

The third checkbox tells Abulafia to use a tool named Tidy, distributed by the W3 Consortium. This tool makes an effort to repair any broken/meaningless tags, and also tries to make sure that your file is valid XHTML. It does a decent job most of the time. It's recommended that you leave this set to on (again, unless you really, really know what you're doing). Note that this option has no effect unless you're using an external editor; text saved from Abulafia's internal editor will be run through Tidy automatically.

Custom CSS

It's possible to add your own CSS styles to the compiled book. If you look in the folder ~/Library/Abulafia/(Your Book Name)/OEBPS/chapters/css (accessible from the Show in Finder button) you should see a file named author.css. You can put anything you like in there, though you should be aware that (as with fonts) support for CSS is spotty at present (particularly on less-expensive devices). For now, you should probably aim for minor cosmetic enhancements that will have no effect on readability if they don't work, rather than ultra-fancy stylesheets that will cause the book to break if they are ignored. 

You'll also see a book.css file in this folder. This is the file that contains information on (e.g.) any custom fonts you've specified. Don't alter book.css -- it will be regenerated (and overwritten) every time the book is compiled. If you wish to override any of the styles in book.css, put your changes in author.css instead. The author.css file is loaded after book.css, so CSS rules specified there will have precedence over the rules in book.css.

Custom Fonts

Abulafia comes with a number of freely-distributable fonts, or you can choose to just use the default font for the ereader in question. You can also install your own fonts; just add them to the fonts folder in ~/Library/Abulafia and Abulafia will find them automatically. Note that this is the fonts folder at the top level of ~/Library/Abulafia, not the fonts folder within the book's folder. You can access this folder by clicking Show in Finder to get to the book's folder, then Go/Enclosing Folder to move up one level.  

Installed fonts will be copied to the book's fonts folder as they are needed. For the widest possible support (and conformance with the EPUB standard), you should choose TrueType (.ttf) or OpenType (.otf) fonts. You should also remove any spaces in the name of the font file, since that might lead to unpredictable behavior on some devices (for example, if your font file is named "My Cool Font.ttf" it's probably a good idea to rename it to something like "MyCoolFont.ttf").

Please be aware that a basic font file does not include variants such as bold and italic, and not all fonts offer these variants. If you use custom fonts, you should specify the font's variant file for bold and italic as well as the font for the body text. Otherwise, the bold and italic controls may appear to have no effect, even though the proper tags are being inserted. This may create odd-looking results depending on whether the reading platform supports fonts or not. Another option is to leave the bold and italic fonts set to default, however this will render bold and italic using the reader's default font, which again may appear odd.

You are responsible for ensuring that you have legal permission to include the font with your book. Commercial fonts often have restrictions on distribution. One good source for freely-distributable fonts is Google Web Fonts (despite the name, these fonts can be downloaded and used in other projects, such as your book). Be sure to read the license for your font and give proper attribution. See the copyright page for this book for an example.

You should also be aware that not all ereaders support custom fonts, so don't be surprised if your fonts don't show up on some devices. However, the text should still be readable on these devices even if you use custom fonts -- the reader will just ignore the font-face directive and display the text in the device's default font. Please report any exceptions you might encounter.

Abulafia includes several freely-distributable fonts. You are free to use these fonts in your books without charge, as long as you abide by the terms and conditions associated with the font's license and/or copyright notices (e.g. providing a credit on your book's copyright page, a copy of, or a link to, the license, or the like). See the Font Licenses section for details on the licenses for the included fonts.

Fonts and Font Families Under the SIL OpenFont License (see full text below):

Cardo by David Perry

Creepster by Sideshow

Crimson Text by Sebastian Kosch

Gentium Book Basic by Victor Gaultney

Goudy Bookletter 1911 by Barry Schwartz

Josefin Sans by Santiago Orozco

Medieval Sharp by Wojciech Kalinowski

Modern Antiqua by Wojciech Kalinowski

Overlock by Dario Manuel Muhafara

Puritan by Ben Weiner

Quattrocento Sans by Pablo Impallari

Rosario by Omnibus-Type

Uncial Antiqua by Astigmatic

Unifraktur Maguntia by j. 'mach' wust

Fonts and Font Families under the Apache 2.0 License (see full text below):

Cherry Cream Soda font by Font Diner

Fonts and Font Families under the terms of the Bitstream Vera Fonts Copyrght and Arev Fonts Copyright (see full text below):

DejaVu Sans

DejaVu Sans Mono

DejaVu Serif

SIL Open Font License

-----------------------------------------------------------

SIL OPEN FONT LICENSE Version 1.1 - 26 February 2007

-----------------------------------------------------------

PREAMBLE

The goals of the Open Font License (OFL) are to stimulate worldwide development of collaborative font projects, to support the font creation efforts of academic and linguistic communities, and to provide a free and open framework in which fonts may be shared and improved in partnership with others.

The OFL allows the licensed fonts to be used, studied, modified and redistributed freely as long as they are not sold by themselves. The fonts, including any derivative works, can be bundled, embedded, redistributed and/or sold with any software provided that any reserved names are not used by derivative works. The fonts and derivatives, however, cannot be released under any other type of license. The requirement for fonts to remain under this license does not apply to any document created using the fonts or their derivatives.

DEFINITIONS

"Font Software" refers to the set of files released by the Copyright Holder(s) under this license and clearly marked as such. This may include source files, build scripts and documentation.

"Reserved Font Name" refers to any names specified as such after the copyright statement(s).

"Original Version" refers to the collection of Font Software components as distributed by the Copyright Holder(s).

"Modified Version" refers to any derivative made by adding to, deleting, or substituting -- in part or in whole -- any of the components of the Original Version, by changing formats or by porting the Font Software to a new environment.

"Author" refers to any designer, engineer, programmer, technical writer or other person who contributed to the Font Software.

PERMISSION & CONDITIONS

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the Font Software, to use, study, copy, merge, embed, modify, redistribute, and sell modified and unmodified copies of the Font Software, subject to the following conditions:

1) Neither the Font Software nor any of its individual components, in Original or Modified Versions, may be sold by itself.

2) Original or Modified Versions of the Font Software may be bundled, redistributed and/or sold with any software, provided that each copy contains the above copyright notice and this license. These can be included either as stand-alone text files, human-readable headers or in the appropriate machine-readable metadata fields within text or binary files as long as those fields can be easily viewed by the user.

3) No Modified Version of the Font Software may use the Reserved Font Name(s) unless explicit written permission is granted by the corresponding Copyright Holder. This restriction only applies to the primary font name as presented to the users.

4) The name(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) or the Author(s) of the Font Software shall not be used to promote, endorse or advertise any Modified Version, except to acknowledge the contribution(s) of the Copyright Holder(s) and the Author(s) or with their explicit written permission.

5) The Font Software, modified or unmodified, in part or in whole, must be distributed entirely under this license, and must not be distributed under any other license. The requirement for fonts to remain under this license does not apply to any document created using the Font Software.

TERMINATION

This license becomes null and void if any of the above conditions are not met.

DISCLAIMER

THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE.

Apache 2.0 License

Version 2.0, January 2004  http://www.apache.org/licenses/

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION

1. Definitions.

"License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.

"Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by the copyright owner that is granting the License.

"Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition, "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.

"You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity exercising permissions granted by this License.

"Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications, including but not limited to software source code, documentation source, and configuration files.

"Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical transformation or translation of a Source form, including but not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation, and conversions to other media types.

"Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work (an example is provided in the Appendix below).

"Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of, the Work and Derivative Works thereof.

"Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted" means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems, and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."

"Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and subsequently incorporated within the Work.

2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of, publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.

3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You institute patent litigation against any entity (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate as of the date such litigation is filed.

4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You meet the following conditions:

1. You must give any other recipients of the Work or Derivative Works a copy of this License; and

2. You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices stating that You changed the files; and

3. You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and attribution notices from the Source form of the Work, excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of the Derivative Works; and

4. If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or, within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed as modifying the License. You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and may provide additional or different license terms and conditions for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use, reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with the conditions stated in this License.

5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise, any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of this License, without any additional terms or conditions. Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed with Licensor regarding such Contributions.

6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor, except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.

7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.

8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer, and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity, or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Bitstream Vera Fonts Copyright

Copyright (c) 2003 by Bitstream, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Bitstream Vera is a trademark of Bitstream, Inc.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the fonts accompanying this license ("Fonts") and associated documentation files (the "Font Software"), to reproduce and distribute the Font Software, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of the Font Software, and to permit persons to whom the Font Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright and trademark notices and this permission notice shall be included in all copies of one or more of the Font Software typefaces.

The Font Software may be modified, altered, or added to, and in particular the designs of glyphs or characters in the Fonts may be modified and additional glyphs or characters may be added to the Fonts, only if the fonts are renamed to names not containing either the words "Bitstream" or the word "Vera".

This License becomes null and void to the extent applicable to Fonts or Font Software that has been modified and is distributed under the "Bitstream Vera" names.

The Font Software may be sold as part of a larger software package but no copy of one or more of the Font Software typefaces may be sold by itself.

THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL BITSTREAM OR THE GNOME FOUNDATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the names of Gnome, the Gnome Foundation, and Bitstream Inc., shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Font Software without prior written authorization from the Gnome Foundation or Bitstream Inc., respectively. For further information, contact: fonts at gnome dot org.

Arev Fonts Copyright

Copyright (c) 2006 by Tavmjong Bah. All Rights Reserved.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of the fonts accompanying this license ("Fonts") and associated documentation files (the "Font Software"), to reproduce and distribute the modifications to the Bitstream Vera Font Software, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell copies of the Font Software, and to permit persons to whom the Font Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright and trademark notices and this permission notice shall be included in all copies of one or more of the Font Software typefaces.

The Font Software may be modified, altered, or added to, and in particular the designs of glyphs or characters in the Fonts may be modified and additional glyphs or characters may be added to the Fonts, only if the fonts are renamed to names not containing either the words "Tavmjong Bah" or the word "Arev".

This License becomes null and void to the extent applicable to Fonts or Font Software that has been modified and is distributed under the "Tavmjong Bah Arev" names.

The Font Software may be sold as part of a larger software package but no copy of one or more of the Font Software typefaces may be sold by itself.

THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL TAVMJONG BAH BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM OTHER DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE.

Except as contained in this notice, the name of Tavmjong Bah shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Font Software without prior written authorization from Tavmjong Bah. For further information, contact: tavmjong @ free . fr.

Notes

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The compiled book will also contain a note generated from a tag within the text.

¹↑This will appear as an end note in the compiled book.